1 | Which of the following are characterisitics of life: |
A. Complexity | |
B. Use energy | |
C. Cellular Organization | |
D. Change over time | |
E | E. All of the above |
2 | Which of the following lists the steps in a good scientific investigation in the proper order: |
a. Observation, experiment, Hypothesis, conclusion, communication | |
B | b. Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, communication |
c. Hypothesis, communication, observation, conclusion, experiment | |
d. Communication, hypothesis, observation, conclusion, experiment | |
e. Hypothesis, conclusion, observation, experiment, communcation | |
3 | Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level? |
A. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organism | |
B. Cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelle | |
C. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ | |
D. Ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ system | |
E | E. Molecule, Cell, Organ System, Population, Ecosystem, Biosphere |
4 | T/F: |
TRUE | Science requires that hypotheses be testable & Falsifiable and that observations be theoretically repeatable. |
5 | Why is a control in a well-designed Scientific experiment so important? |
A | A. Because it demonstrates that the experimental variables (the only variables that differs between the control and treatment groups) is the likely cause of any observed differences. |
B. Because it proves or disproves our hypothesis without error | |
C. Because it norrows our P-value from 0.05 to 0.001 | |
D. Controls are really not needed in experiments | |
6 | The main purpose of any single experiment is to: |
A. Obtain accurate quantitative measurements | |
B. Prove unambiguously that a particular hypothesis is correct | |
C. Avoid comparative analysis | |
D. Answer as many questions as possible | |
E | E. Test a prediction that is based on a hypothesis |
7 | Which cellular organelle contains the organism's DNA (genetic material)? |
A. Cell Walls | |
B | B. Nucleus |
C. Cell membranes | |
D. Chloroplasts | |
E. Ribosomes | |
8 | T/F |
FALSE | Using the microscope to observe a one-celled organism in a water sample, first you focus under low power, then you go to high power and use the coarse focus to bring the object back into focus: |
9 | Which of the following questions cannot be answered by means of the hypothesis-prediction method? |
A. Are bees more attracted to red roses than to yellow roses? | |
B | B. Are red roses more beautiful than yellow roses? |
C. Why are red roses red | |
D. Do red roses bloom earlier than yellow roses? | |
E. Are red roses more susceptible to mildew than yellow roses? | |
10 | Which of the following can result from a scientific investigation? |
A. refinement of the experimental design | |
B. Formulation of new questions that result in additional experimentation | |
C. Use of statistical tests to evaluate the significance of the results | |
D. Experiments repeated and verified by others | |
E | E. All of the Above |
11 | Which of the following best represents a null hypothesis? |
A. I think that men are taller than women | |
B | B. No difference exists between the mean height of college men and college women |
C. A difference exists between the mean height of college men and college women | |
D. I think women are taller than men | |
12 | When atoms share a pair of electrons, this is called a _________Bond. |
A | A. Covalent |
B. Hydrogen | |
C. Ionic | |
D. Government | |
E. Atomic | |
13 | ______ are macromolecules that include cell membranes, steriods, and fatty acids: |
A. ions | |
B. Amino Acids | |
C | C. Lipids |
D. Sugars | |
E. Proteins | |
14 | These surround the nucleus, determine the chemical behavior of atoms, have a negative charge, and carry energy: |
A. protons | |
B. photons | |
C. neutrons | |
D | D. electrons |
15 | Atoms with opposite charges are attracted to each other forming a(n) _____ bond |
A. Covalent | |
B. Hydrogen | |
C | C. Ionic |
D. Government | |
E. Atomic | |
16 | T/F |
FALSE | Larger cells have a higher surface to volume ratio, making them more efficient at moving substances across the cell membrane |
17 | _____ are the sites of protein synthesis |
A. Chloroplasts | |
B. Mitochondria | |
C. Nucleus | |
D. Cell membranes | |
E | E. Ribosomes |
18 | In water, the hydrogen end of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the oxygen end has a slight negative charge, making water a _____ molecule: |
A. Covalent | |
B | B. Polar |
C. Ionic | |
D. Macro - | |
E. Non-Polar | |
19 | Which of the following store and transmit hereditary information: |
A. Carbohydrates | |
B. Lipids | |
C. Proteins | |
D | D. Nucleic Acids |
20 | Hydrogen Bonds are: |
A. Strong bonds between hydrogen atoms | |
B | B. Weak "attractions" between two polar molecules or between different parts of the same molecule |
C. Formed between two atoms when they share electrons | |
D. Formed when you heat proteins, changing their shape | |
21 | This cellular organelle has pigment that absorbs energy from the sun (light) and uses this energy along with CO2 and water to make carbohydrates |
A. Cell membrane | |
B. Vacuole | |
C. Nucleus | |
D. Ribosomes | |
E | E. Chloroplasts |
22 | In the introduction to the pond lab, we talked about small, often microscopic, organisms that live up in the water column called: |
A. Benthic organisms or benthos | |
B | B. Plankton |
C. Nekton | |
D. Primary consumers | |
E. Secondary Consumers | |
23 | Using the diagram of a microscope http://www.ekcsk12.org/faculty/jbuckley/lelab/microscopeuselab_files/image001.gif , identify structure number 1: |
A | A. Ocular |
B. Objective | |
C. Condenser | |
D. Stage | |
E. Diaphragm | |
24 | This figure represents: http://img.tfd.com/dorland/distribution_normal.jpg |
A. A skewed curve | |
B. A nonparametric statistic | |
C | C. A normal Curve |
D. The amount of nodules in treatment 3 | |
25 | Which of the following best represents one standard deviation in this figure: |
http://img.tfd.com/dorland/distribution_normal.jpg | |
A. Distance between 0 and 3 | |
B. Distance between -1 and 1 | |
C | C. Distance between 0 and 1 |
D. Standard deviation is not represented on a curve, only in tables | |
26 | Which of the following best represents the mean of this data set: http://img.tfd.com/dorland/distribution_normal.jpg |
A. 3 | |
B | B. 0 |
C. -3 | |
D. The mean would actually be the average of 1, 2, and 3 | |
27 | These data are usually integers; can only take one value (e.g., # of eggs laid or # of spines on a fish |
A. Continuous data | |
B | B. Discrete (meristic) data |
28 | The primary objective of statistical analysis is to infer characteristics (Parameters) of a group of data (population) by analyzing the characteristics of ____ of that group |
A. data | |
B. A cohort | |
C | C. A sample |
D. All | |
E. none of the above | |
29 | These data have a constant interval size but not a true zero (e.g., temperature) |
A. Ratio Scale | |
B | B. Interval Scale |
C. Nominal Scale | |
D. Ordinal Scale | |
30 | These data are classified by some quality or attribute (e.g., sex, color). |
A. Ratio Scale | |
B. Interval Scale | |
C | C. Nominal Scale |
D. Ordinal Scale | |
31 | Observe the following scatterplot. Does it represent a positive or negative correlation? |
http://onlinestatbook.com/chapter4/graphics/age_scatterplot.gif | |
A | A. Positive |
B. Negative | |
C. Neither, because there is no correlation | |
D. Neither, because you cannot show a correlation with a scatterplot | |
32 | Which of the following statements about statistical analysis in science is false: |
A | A. Statistical methods are applied to data in order to prove that the null hypothesis is incorrect |
B. Statistical tests analyze variation and calculate the probability that observed differences in an experiment could be due to random variation | |
C. Statistical tests can be used to evaluate both comparative and controlled experiments | |
D. Scientists generally conclude that the differences they measure are significant if the statistical test shows that the probability of error is 5 percent or lower (P<=0.05) | |
E. The power of science derives from absolute dependence on evidence that comes from reproducible and quantifiable observations. | |
33 | A haploid cell is a cell |
A. in which the genes are arranged haphazardly | |
B | B. containing only one copy of each chromosome |
C. that has resulted from the process of mitosis | |
D. with twice the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell | |
E. None of the above | |
34 | The following diagram illustrates Which phase of Meiosis? |
http://www.macroevolution.net/images/metaphase-I-200x200.jpg | |
A | A. Metaphase I |
B. Metaphase II | |
35 | When meiosis produces eggs (ova) in the female ovary, we call this |
A. spermatogenesis | |
B. Fertilization | |
C | C. oogenesis |
D. Eggogenesis | |
36 | Alternate forms of a gene are called: |
A. Proteins | |
B | B. Alleles |
C. Nucleotides | |
D. Recessive | |
37 | Replication of DNA occurs in: |
A. G1 | |
B | B. S Phase |
C. G2 | |
D. M phase | |
E. Interphase | |
38 | Which of the following statements about mitosis is true? |
A. The chromosome number in the resulting cells is halved | |
B. DNA replication is completed in prophase | |
C. Crossing over occurs during prophase | |
D | D. Two genetically identical daugther cells are formed |
E. It consists of two nuclear divisions | |
39 | During meiosis, the homologous chromosomes separate during: |
A | A. Anaphase I |
B. Anaphase II | |
C. the S Phase | |
D. synapsis | |
E. Telophase II | |
40 | If I start with an eight-chromosome cell, how many cells do I finish with after meiosis, and how many chromosomes are in each cell? |
A. 2 Cells, 16 Chromosomes in each | |
B. 4 cells, 8 Chromosomes in each | |
C. 2 cells, 8 Chromosomes in each | |
D | D. 4 cells, 4 Chromosomes in each |
E. 8 cells, 4 Chromosomes in each | |
41 | Crossing over, where one chromosome exchanges DNA with another occurs in: |
A | A. meiosis I |
B. Calvin cycle | |
C. prophase of Mitosis | |
D. Metaphase of mitosis | |
E. meiosis II | |
42 | Mitosis would be used for all of the following except: |
A. Growth | |
B. replacing dead cells | |
C | C. Making sperm |
D. Asexual reproduction | |
E. it would be used in all of the above | |
43 | When homologous chromosomes line up in metaphase I of meiosis, |
A. All maternal chromosomes are on one side, paternal chromosomes on the other | |
B. Maternal and paternal chromosomes alternate | |
C. Maternal chromosomes are on top, paternal on the bottom | |
D | D. Maternal and paternal chromosomes may be on either side |
E. Paternal chromosomes are on top, maternal on the bottom | |
44 | If two alleles for a trait are the same, the individual is called _________ for that trait. |
A | A. homozygous |
B. heterozygous | |
C. recessive | |
D. dominant | |
45 | Flower color in snapdragons shows incomplete dominance. The two alleles are for red and white flowers. A heterozygous plant would have: |
A | A. Pink flowers |
B. Some red, some white flowers | |
C. All white flowers | |
D. All red flowers | |
46 | At a certain locus of the human genome, 200 different alleles exist in the population. Regardless, each person has at most _____ allele(s). |
A. 1 | |
B | B. 2 |
C. 100 | |
D. 200 | |
E. 400 | |
47 | The following photo was taken of a cell in a fish embryo. Which of the following terms best applies? |
http://metaphase.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/whitefishmeta.thumbnail.jpg?w=142&h=115 | |
A. Prophase | |
B. Meiosis | |
C. Cytokinesis | |
D | D. Metaphase |
48 | Which of the following methods was not used by Mendel in his study of the genetics of the garden pea? |
A. Maintenance of true-breeding lines | |
B. Cross-pollination | |
C | C. Microscopy |
D. Production of hybrid plants | |
E. Quantitative analysis of results | |
49 | Mendel's crossing of spherical-seeded pea plants with wrinkled-seeded pea plants resulted in progeny that all had spherical seeds. This indicates that the wrinkled-seed trait is: |
A. codominant | |
B. dominant | |
C | C. Recessive |
D. both a and b | |
E. Both a and c | |
50 | Classical albinism resulted from a recessive allele. Which of the following is the expected ratio for the progeny when a normally pigmented male with an albino father has children with an albino woman? |
A. 3/4 normal, 1/4 albino | |
B. 3/4 albino, 1/4 normal | |
C | C. 1/2 normal, 1/2 albino |
D. All normal | |
E. All albino | |
51 | One of the major contributions of Mendel to the study of genetics was: |
A | A. the use of quantitative approach to analyze data |
B. a complete description of the process of meiosis | |
C. the observation that phenotypes are affected by the environment | |
D. the discovery that dominance is always complete | |
E. the finding that heritable traits combine or blend together | |
52 | If an infant born to a mother with blood type O is also type O, possible phenotypes for the father are: |
A. O or A | |
B. A or B | |
C. O only | |
D | D. O, A, or B |
E. impossible to determine | |
53 | When a given trait is the result of multigene action, interactions between genes (i.e., they act on each other) determine the phenotype, often resulting in traits with continuous variation within a population (e.g., height of college students). |
A. epistasis | |
B. epigenesis | |
C. dominance | |
D. incomplete dominance | |
E | E. None of the above |
54 | A sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome; the basic unit of heredity |
A. Allele | |
B | B. Gene |
C. Polymer | |
D. Protein | |
E. Chromosome | |
55 | ABO blood types in humans are examples of ______ traits. |
A | A. codominant |
B. Continuous | |
C. Sex-linked | |
D. incomplete dominance | |
E. coevolutionary | |
56 | I used sick-Cell anemia as an example of a _______trait because it codes for a blood disorder and provides some resistance to malaria |
A. codominant | |
B. Polygenic | |
C. Epistatic | |
D | D. Pleiotropic |
57 | If left thumb on top is the dominant phenotype for the thumb-crossing gene, what are the possible genotypes that would present that phenotype? |
A. L | |
B. LL | |
C. ll | |
D. Ll or ll | |
E | E. LL or Ll |
58 | When an individual has two different alleles for a trait, they are said to be |
A. dominant | |
B | B. heterozygous |
C. Homozygous | |
D. Clones | |
E. recessive | |
59 | The normal chromosomes number for humans is 46. How many chromosomes does a human sperm or egg cell have? |
A. 28 | |
B. 46 | |
C. 92 | |
D | D. 23 |
E. 23-46 (it varies greatly) | |
60 | Two carriers (heterozygotes) of a recessive genetic disease marry. What are the chances that their children will have the disease? |
A. 0% | |
B | B. 25% |
C. 50% | |
D. 75% | |
E. 100% | |
61 | Chromosomes exist in the cells of diploid organisms as pairs, called _____, which carry information (genes) about the same trait at the same locations. One chromosome of each pair is inherited from the mother and the other from the father. |
A | A. Homologous chromosomes |
B. replicated Chromosomes | |
C. Unreplicated chromosomes | |
D. Sister Chromatids | |
62 | Hypotheses that stand the test of time - their predictions often tested and seldom rejected (i.e., they hare supported by a large body of evidence) - are sometimes combined into general statements called: |
A. educated guesses | |
B. Scientific experiments | |
C. Variables | |
D | D. Theories |
E. none of the above |
09 December 2012
BIO 105 Organismal Biology Unit 1 Exam and Answers
BIO 105 Organismal Biology Unit 2 Exam and Answers
1 | T/F |
FALSE | The energy supplying the "Ecotubs" in labe is coming directly from photosynthesis. |
2 | Which of these naturalists synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin? |
A. Charles Lyell | |
B. Gregor Mendel | |
C | C. Alfred Wallace |
D. John Henslow | |
E. Thomas Malthus | |
3 | The evolution of similar features in non-related organisms (e.g., sugar glider, a marsupial, in Australia and flying squirrel in North America, a rodent). |
A. Coevolution | |
B | B. Convergent Evolution |
C. Natural Selection | |
D. Co-Selection | |
E. Directional Selection | |
4 | Occassionally populations may be drastically reduced in size because of drought, disease, or some other factor. This reduction in population size also reduces genetic variability in the population that survives. This mechanism of genetic change is known as ____. |
A. Artificial selection | |
B. Natural selection | |
C. Sexual Selection | |
D. genetic drift | |
E | E. Genetic bottleneck |
5 | Is genetic drift more likely to occur in a large or small population? |
A. Large | |
B | B. Small |
6 | Adaptations are: |
A. the result of natural selection | |
B. features that give an organism a better chance at surviving in its environment | |
C. the variations that have been selected as beneficial to the organism | |
D. Large structures such as wings as well as small structures such as enzymes | |
E | E. All of the above |
7 | The fact that after only about 5 generations the number of spots was reduced when guppies were moved to a high predation pool is most likely the result of: |
A. sexual selection | |
B. Genetic Drift | |
C | C. Natural Selection |
D. Artificial Selection | |
E. Genetic Bottleneck | |
8 | When guppies were moved from high predation pools to low predation pools, the males became more brightly colored with more spots. This was most likely the result of: |
A | A. Sexual selection |
B. Genetic Drift | |
C. Natural Selection | |
D. Artificial Selection | |
E. Genetic Bottleneck | |
9 | Today's diversity of dog breeds is primarily due to: |
A. natural selection | |
B. Original differences in the wild ancestor | |
C. Genetic Drift | |
D. Mutations | |
E | E. Artificial Selection |
10 | Darwin (and scientists today) believed that the major driving force in evolution was: |
A. Sexual selection | |
B | B. Natural Selection |
C. Genetic Drift | |
D. Artificial Selection | |
E. Genetic Bottleneck | |
11 | The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a good example of(see figure: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Directional_selection_after.svg/171px-Directional_selection_after.svg.png ) |
A | A. directional selection |
B. Genetic drift | |
C. Genetic Bottleneck | |
D. Stabilizing Selection | |
E. Sexual selection | |
12 | In some populations, allele frequencies may change due to chance alone. This is equivalent to random error in statistics (the coin-flipping example). This mechanism of genetic change is known as ________. |
A. Artificial Selection | |
B. Natural Selection | |
C. Sexual Selection | |
D | D. Genetic Drift |
E. Genetic Bottleneck | |
13 | Species are populations of actually or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other such populations. |
A | A. The Biological Species Concept |
B. The Phylogentic (lineage) Species concept | |
C. The Cladistic Species Concept | |
D. The Sexual Selection Concept | |
E. The Morphological Species Concept | |
NOTE 1: This question was thrown out | |
NOTE 2: The actual answer key has "B", which I'm sure is wrong http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VA1BioSpeciesConcept.shtml | |
14 | Male peacocks have large ,beautiful tail feathers whereas females do not. This difference is due to: |
A. Convergent evolution | |
B | B. Sexual Selection |
C. Stabilizing selection | |
D. Natural Selection | |
E. Artificial Selection | |
15 | The survivorship of human babies of different birth weights illustrates: |
A. gene flow | |
B. Genetic drift | |
C. Directional Selection | |
D. Sexual Selection | |
E | E. Stabilizing Selection |
16 | Which of the following statements is false: |
A. Populations of individuals evolve | |
B | B. Evolution and natural selection are interchangeable terms |
C. Developmental change requires genetic change | |
D. Evolutionary change requires genetic change | |
E. All of the above are true; none is false | |
17 | The sizes of horns in males of a particular beetle have an interesting distribution: the highest frequencies are around 15 millimeters and 30 millimeters, with few individuals in between. Based on this observation, which of the following modes of selection is moste likely to be operating on these horns? |
A. Stabilizing selection | |
B. Directional selectoin | |
C. Concentrated selection | |
D | D. Disruptive selection |
E. Purifying selection | |
18 | ______is the differential survival/reproduction of individuals (genotypes) caused by factors in the environment |
A | A. Natural selection |
B. Evolution | |
C. Genetic Drift | |
D. Sexual Selection | |
19 | Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environments over the course of generations? |
A. Mutation | |
B. Sexual Selection | |
C. Gene flow | |
D | D. Natural Selection |
E. Genetic Drift | |
20 | Genetic Change in a population of organisms over time (generations) or "descent with modification" |
A. Natural Selection | |
B | B. Evolution |
C. Genetic Drift | |
D. Sexual Selection | |
E. Artificial Selection | |
21 | There are five generally recognized mass extinction events. The ____ mass extinction claimed about 96% of marine animal species and defines the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic ares (about 251 mya). |
A. Ordisilurian | |
B | B. Permian |
C. Devonian | |
D. Triassic | |
E. Cretaceous | |
22 | The cladogram indicates that species _____ is a Vertebrate. http://www.ib.usp.br/evolibrary/images/evo/patterns_intro.gif |
A. Shark | |
B. Rabbit | |
C. Crocodile | |
D. Bird | |
E | E.All species on this diagram is a vertebrate |
23 | A clade of the highlighted organisms would be called ______ because it does not include all organisms with a common ancestor |
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg/500px-Polyphyletic-mammals-birds2.svg.png | |
A. Monophyletic | |
B | B. Polyphyletic |
C. Paraphyletic | |
D. Diphyletic | |
E. Dichotomous | |
24 | The diagram indicates that hair is a _____ that defines mammals |
http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/cladogram.gif | |
A. Ancestral Trait | |
B | B. Shared derived trait |
C. Genotype | |
D. Monophyletic | |
E. Allele | |
25 | This type of speciation requires that there be a physical separation of populations |
A. Sympatric speciation | |
B | B. Allopatric Speciation |
C. Evolutionary speciation | |
D. Genetic Drift Speciation | |
E. Polypoidy Speciation | |
26 | During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, what should one expect to result from natural selection? |
A. Small birds gaining larger beaks by exercising their mouths? | |
B. Small birds mutating their beak genes with the result that later-generation offspring have larger beaks | |
C. Small birds anticipating the long drought and eating more to gain weight and, consequently, growing larger beaks | |
D | D. More small-beaked birds dying than larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks |
E. Larger birds eating less so smaller birds can survive | |
27 | Donkeys and horses are not the same species because the hybrid young they produce are: |
A. Deformed | |
B. Fertile | |
C | C. Sterile |
D. Large | |
E. Ugly | |
28 | What is the reproductive barrier -- One species lives only in tree holes; another species lives only in streams: |
A. behavioral | |
B. gametic | |
C | C. habitat |
D. temporal | |
E. mechanical | |
29 | What is the reproductive barrier -- One species mates at the season when daylight is increasing from 13 hours to 13 hours and 15 minutes; another species mates at the season when daylight is increasing from 14 hours to 14 hours and 15 minutes. |
A. Behavioral | |
B. Gametic | |
C. Habitat | |
D | D. Temporal |
E. Mechanical | |
30 | What is the reproductive barrier -- Males of one species have a higher pitched and faster call than males of the other species. |
A | A. Behavioral |
B. Gametic | |
C. Habitat | |
D. Temporal | |
E. Mechanical | |
T/F | |
31 | A species may originate from an accident during cell division (meiosis) that results in extra sets of chromosomes. |
TRUE | |
32 | Some have postulated that periods of evolutionary change can occur very rapidly (at least over geological time), separated by long periods of stasis (relatively little change), or the theory of _____. |
A. Gradualism | |
B. Natural Selection | |
C. Mass extinction | |
D | D. Punctuated equilibrium |
33 | Which of these conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time: |
A | A. All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors |
B. The environment is changing at a relatively slow rate | |
C. The population size is large | |
D. The population lives in a habitat where there are no competing species present | |
E. None of the above | |
34 | Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bird? |
A. Dorsal fin of a shark | |
B. Hindlimb of a kangaroo | |
C. Wing of a butterfly | |
D. Tail fin of a flying fish | |
E | E. Flipper of a cetacean (whale) |
35 | Which of the following modes of selection operates when individuals at both extremes of the distribution have the highest fitness? |
A. Stabilizing selection | |
B. Directional Selection | |
C | C. Disruptive selection |
D. Both A and B | |
E. Both B and C | |
36 | In light of the definition of evolution, which of the following is NOT capable of evolving? |
A. a population of deer | |
B. the color of a population of moths | |
C | C. your biology instructor |
D. a population of birds | |
E. the bacteria in your large intestine | |
37 | If the original finches htat had been blown over to the Galapagos from South America had already been genetically different from teh parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galapagos, this would have been an example of: |
A. Natural Selection | |
B. Bottleneck effect | |
C | C. Founder's effect |
D. All three of these | |
E. both A and C | |
38 | How might speciation occur almost instantaneously? |
A. Through nondisjunction and the resulting polyploidy (e.g., a diploid organism becoming tetraploid) | |
B. Through a mutation, particularly one that affects reproduction and survivorship | |
C. Through traits acquired over the life of an organism | |
D | D. Both A and B |
E. Both B and C | |
39 | T/F |
Natural Selection acts on individuals, but only populations evolve | |
TRUE | |
40 | Natural selection is based on all of the following except |
A. Genetic variation exists within populations | |
B. The best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring | |
C. Individuals who survive longer tend to leave the most offspring | |
D. Populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support | |
E | E. Individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve |
41 | In seedcracker finches from Cameroon, small- and large-billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climatic change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population? |
A. Disruptive selection | |
B | B. Directional selection |
C. Stabilizing selection | |
D. Sexual selection | |
E. No selection would operate | |
Speciation | |
42 | A. occurs at such a slow pace that it always requires hundreds of thousands or millions of years. |
B. Occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time | |
C. Must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population | |
D. and microevolution are synonymous. | |
E | E. can involve changes to a single gene. |
43 | Evolutionary changes may result from heterochrony, or a change in the rate or timing of developmental events. One example of heterochrony that we covered in class was the retention of juvenile traits in a sexually mature organism (e.g., in certain salamanders). This is known as |
a) adaptive radiation | |
b) extirpation | |
C | c) paedomorphosis |
d) sexual dimorphism | |
e) directional selection | |
44 | The Cretaceous mass extinction occurred about 65 million years ago and eliminated more than half of all marine species as well as many terrestrial groups, including the dinosaurs. Evidence suggests that this event was caused by |
a) humans hunting them to extinction | |
b) enormous volcanic eruptions in Siberia | |
c) global warming | |
d) a viral pandemic | |
E | e) the impact of a large asteroid or comet. |
45 | ___is similarity resulting from common ancestry. |
A | a) Homology |
b) Analogy | |
c) Homoplasy | |
d) Heterozygous | |
e) Homeotic | |
46 | _____is the relative genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations, or the relative number of an individual's genes in the gene pool. |
A | a) Fitness |
b) Sexual selection | |
c) Natural selection | |
d) Genetic Drift | |
e) Genetic bottleneck | |
47 | When two populations are separated spatially (e.g., by a geographic barrier such as a river or mountains) or ecologically, they may start to diverge into two separate species because of different environments and lack of genetic exchange. This process is known as |
A | a) allopatric speciation |
b) stabilizing selection | |
c) postzygotic separation | |
d) genetic drift | |
e) sympatric speciation | |
48 | Two species of birds live in the same area but utilize different trees in that area and therefore rarely if ever interbreed. This is an example of |
A | a) ecological isolating mechanism |
b) behavioral isolating mechanism | |
c) temporal isolating mechanism | |
d) mechanical isolating mechanism | |
e) geographical isolating mechanism | |
49 | When two species evolve in response to each other (e.g., plants and their pollinators), we call this |
a) convergent evolution | |
b) bievolution | |
C | c) coevolution |
d) parasitism | |
e) adaptive radiation | |
50 | In the pond lab we discussed different categories of organisms, including those that live on the bottom called |
a) Plankton | |
B | b) Benthic organisms |
c) Nekton | |
d) Littoral organisms | |
e) Decomposers | |
51 | Darwin read Charles Lyell's book and learned |
a) That more organisms (in this case, people) are typically born than the resources (e.g., food) can support. | |
b) The 5 major mass extinctions were all followed by periods of adaptive radiation | |
c) That it was possible to breed pigeons to the point where they had feathers on their feet. | |
D | d) That the earth was probably much older (thousands and thousands of years) than previously thought. |
e) Darwin never read Lyell's book because it was published years after Darwin died. | |
52 | Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called |
a) natural selection | |
b) genetic drift | |
C | c) artificial selection |
d) sexual selection | |
e) differential selection | |
53 | This type of symbiotic relationship is one in which one species benefits and the other is neutral or unaffected. |
a) Parasitism | |
B | b) Commensalism |
c) Neutralism | |
d) Mutualism | |
e) Symbiotism | |
54 | Observe the figure. Why is this not statistically significant (ANOVA, P:0.888) |
a) The sample sizes were too small. | |
B | b) There is too much variability as represented by the 95% confidence intervals. |
c) Because 2 is the south side, not the east side. | |
d) These means are significantly different based on the significance value of 0.888. | |
e) None of the above | |
55 | The above correlation is significant. Explain how I came to this conclusion. (P=0.009, R^2=0.181) but weak. |
a) The R^2 value is much less than one. | |
b) The R^2 value is greater than zero. | |
c) The points are far from the regression line. | |
D | d) Both a) and c) |
e) Both b) and c) |
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