TCA Produces Reducing Equivalents

This video provides a quick introduction to the TCA/Kreb's cyle.
Molecules enter The Citric Acid (or Tricarboxylic acid) cycle from various points. It is an amphibolic pathway used for breaking down  or synthesizing various substrates.
The primary purpose of TCA is to provide Reducing equivalents for ETS.

Acetyl-CoA Connects Many Catabolic Pathways

Acetyl CoA is the central molecule connecting the catabolism of Glucose, Fatty Acids, and Amino Acids.



This video takes a close look at the production of Pyruvate and Acetyl CoA via various catabolic pathways.
Time is spent explaining why even chain fatty acids cannot be converted into Glucose

NOTE: The exception to this rule is not explored in this video.
   The exception is that fatty acids with an odd number of carbons will be converted serially to Acetyl-CoA until a small odd number of carbons is left, at which point it can be converted into a downstream molecule in the TCA cyle and produce one new molecule of Oxaloacetate, which can be used in gluconeogenesis.
  This topic may be explored more in a video focusing on beta-oxidation of fatty acids.

Hereditary Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia

In this video, I explore the big picture look at Carbohydrate Metabolism with a special look at a Side reaction to produce 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate


The production of 2,3-BPG is important to Red blood cells. It binds to Hemoglobin and helps it to unload O2 in peripheral tissue.
Problems with Hexokinase or Bisphosphoglycerate mutase are implicated in hereditary nonspherocytic anemia

Other Sugars in Glycolysis

Galactose, Manose, and Fructose can also enter Glycolysis. However, these sugars have other effects on various enzymes and regulatory processes.

 - This video takes a look at where these intermediates enter the glycolytic pathway and a closer look at how Fructose increases the activity of Glucokinase via inhibition of the Glucokinase Regulatory Protein.

The Pentose Phosphate Shunt

Glucose-6-Phosphate is the central Hub connecting Glucose, Glycogen, Pyruvate, and R-5-P in the Pentose-Phosphate-Shunt.


This video explores the control mechanisms, the purpose, and the reversing of the Pentose-Phosphate-Shunt. A detailed look how extra NADPH is used from this pathway to reduce glutathione in Red Blood Cells

Enzymatic Checkpoints/Controls of Glycolysis: Medical School Biochemistry

Earlier videos explained that enzymes that catalyze irreversible steps in glycolysis are considered to be checkpoints:
This video explores how each of those checkpoints works and exactly what metabolites can up-regulate and down-regulate each enzyme activity.

Futile Cycles: Medical School Biochemistry

What is a futile cycle? How do these "so-called" futile cycles help maintain constancy in the cells?
In one "so-called" futile cycle, the levels of phosphate in a cell are maintained at a fairly constant rate by preventing hexokinase from sequestering all of it during high sugar meals.
- The concept of a futile Cycle
- The purposes of futile cycles (why most of them aren't really futile)
- The specific futile cycle will be the G6P-Glucose cycle

Hepatic Regulation of Glucose: Medical School Biochemistry

How does the liver keep from using up all of its glucose to create ATP like the other cells do? How does the liver maintain a glucose concentration similar to that of the blood, while other cells immediately convert glucose into Glucose-6-phosphate?
-Learn how the Michaelis constant (Km) of enzymes in the liver mediates activities differently than in other cells.
-Learn how Glucose transporters in the liver are distinguished from those in other cells

The Cori Cycle: Biochemistry -Medical School Block 1, week 1

When you're muscles are operating under anaerobic stress, you would have a huge build up of NADH. Further glucose cannot occur without NAD+ being reformed.
-Find out how this process works in the Cori Cycle

Medical Biochemistry: Glucose Metabolism and Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) 1

Basic Biochemistry of Glucose and the etiology of Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD) type 1are presented in this video:



The clinical presentation of glycogen storage disease



If any doctors or other medical students (or anyone) thinks that I overlooked any key features, Please leave a comment

Block 1-Week 1 - BIOCHEMISTRY 1

Before you arrive at medical School, I would advise that you have memorized all of the enzymes and intermediates in Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, and Gluconeogensis.

To help you out with that I have adapted an image from Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 29th edition.
Watch the video and download the worksheet and practice


To learn the MAJOR enzymes in the pathways, I have blanked out the enzymes. You can print and practice writing in the enzymes in the blanks and then check your answers with the answer sheet.
--This is not necissary for medical school, but it will help TREMENDOUSLY.
You can download this in a word Doc here:

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